ABSTRACT

Ascidians or tunicates are loaded with secondary metabolites as chemical defence. Phallusia nigra is a simple ascidian common along the Tuticorin coast. Since its report from India only a few work on chemical screening and pharmacology has been attempted. The present study was carried out to assess the immunostimulating activities of ethanolic extract of Phallusia nigra on S-180 tumor bearing Swiss albino mice. Standard methodology has been adopted to assess the various parameters. The results showed highly significant and dose related increase in quantitative hemolysis of sheep red blood cells, lymphocyte proliferation, percentage NK cytotoxic activity, phagocytosis rate, bone marrow cellularity, β-Esterase activity, antibody titer and plaque forming cells. Serum GGT, NO and cellular GSH, NO levels decreased significantly. The results obtained for group IV treated with highest dose of the extract was near to the group treated with the standard drug vincristin.

Keywords: Phallusia nigra, S-180, Immunostimulating, Hemolysis, Lymphocyte proliferation NK cytotoxic activity.

ABSTRACT

Present study was conduct to explore the effect of different water temperature ranges on growth performance, total length and feed conversion ratio of Labeo dyocheilus. For that the three temperature ranges 16-18°C, 18-20°C and 20-22°C were selected and maintained in laboratory condition in glass aquaria. Each experiment repeated three times to minimise experimental error for each water temperature range. The feed was offered at the rate of 4% of body weight of the fish one time in a day. Labeo dyocheilus attained significantly higher body weight (12.260 ± 0.256g) and total length (11.898 ± 0.073 cm) under water temperature range of 20-22°C. This was followed by 11.813 ± 0.203g body weight and 11.789 ± 0.110 cm total lengths under water temperature range of 18-20°C and 11.436 ± 0.162g and 10.325 ± 0.178 cm for body weight and total length respectively for the water temperature range of 16-18°C. The fish reared in water having temperature between 20-22°C showed the best FCR value (2.324 ± 0.167), followed by those maintained in 18-20°C (2.760 ± 0.132) and 16-18°C (3.018 ± 0.173). It was concluded that water temperature ranging from 20-22°C seems to be the most effective for rearing of Labeo dyocheilus.

Keywords: Water temperature, Growth, Feed Conversion Ratio, Labeo dyocheilus.

ABSTRACT

Background: association between dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases has been well recognized, smoking and diabetes mellitus are factors alters lipids metabolism. This study was conducted to compare the effect of these factors on lipid profile and it aptitude to progress to CVD in Sudan. Method: lipid profile was studied in 232 volunteer (75 smokers and 75 diabetic patients and 82 normal individual as control) all of them are volunteers from Khartoum state-Sudan. Lipids profile was performed using standard methods. Results: Means of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and VLDL for smoker were (86±26.8), (120±31.3), (31±8.5), (52.5±9.5), (106±32), and (17±5.3), respectively, and for diabetic were (98±42.9), (154±51.7), (45±12.8), (128±53.8), and (19±8.5), respectively, there are significant differences in lipids levels, P.value <0.05. Compared to control results of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and VLDL levels = (70±32), (105±23.5), (52.5±9.5), (92.1±24.9), and (20.2±6.4), respectively, diabetic and smokers have significant higher lipids levels, P.value <0.05 except VLDL in diabetic patients. Conclusion: although the levels of lipids were within the normal values, there is significant negative effect of cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus on lipid metabolism in Sudanese individuals.

Keywords: Smoking, Diabetes Mellitus, Lipids, CVD.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study was to evaluate the invitro antioxidant, anti-inflammation and activity of methanolic extract of Argemone mexicana Linn flowers. The flowers extract were screened for major phytochemical using established procedures. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by free radical scavenging activity using total antioxidant, hydrogen peroxide, reducing power assay, nitric oxide scavenging activity. The results showed- that the flower extracts was a rich source of phytochemicals. Anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic extract of Argemone mexicana against the denaturation of protein was studied by HRBC membrane stabilization. The prevention of hypotonicity induced HRBC membrane lysis was taken as a measure of the anti-inflammatory activity. All the result above suggested that Argemone mexicana is a potential candidate plant for future exploitation in medical properties.

Keywords: Argemone mexicana Linn, Antioxidants, Anti-inflammatory effect.

ABSTRACT

4-Carboxaldehyde-1-phenyl-3-methyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one condensed with Dinitro Phenyl hydrazine to form ligand (HL).These metal complexes are of type [ML2(H2O)2] [M= Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II)]. Elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, electrical conductance, electronic and infrared data suggest octahedral structure for the metal complexes. All the compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity. The result indicates that the growth of the tested organisms was inhibited by most of the compounds.

Keywords: Dinitro phenl hydrazone, Antimicrobial activity, Complexes.

ABSTRACT

Binary and ternary complexes of the type M-Y and M-X-Y [M = Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II); X = N-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2,3-dimethylaniline and Y = N-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylidene)-4-ethoxyaniline] have been examined pH-metrically at 27 ± 0.5oC and at constant ionic strength, μ = 0.1 M (KCl) in 75 : 25 (v/v) 1,4-dioxne-water medium. The stability constants for Binary (M-Y) and ternary (M-X-Y) systems were calculated.

Keywords: Binary complexes, Ternary complexes, Mixed ligand, Stability constant.

ABSTRACT

The antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Psidium guajava (guava) leaves were evaluated against two clinical isolates of staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using disc diffusion and broth dilution methods to determine the diameter of zone of inhibition (DZI) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) respectively. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the plants exhibited strong inhibitory activities against the two bacteria at a concentration of 10,000ug/ml (10mg/ml). At a potency of 1000mg /disc, the aqueous extracts produced a diameter of zone of inhibition of 12mm against E.coli. and S .aureus respectively while the ethanolic produced diameter zone of inhibition of 12mm and 10mm against the bacteria, respectively .These results suggest that the leaves of Psidium guajava contain potent antibacterial substances thus validating the medicinal uses of the leaves of the plant for treatment of bacterial infection.

Keywords: Aqueous and ethanolic extracts, Psidium guajava, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli.

ABSTRACT

Cockroaches are one of the most adaptable and successful insect (pest) groups to ever inhabit this planet. American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, has a wide geographic distribution and as is one of the few household insect species known. Pheromone control of cockroach would be a promising approach in the modern era. Accordingly experiments have been designed and executed. The GC analysis of the pheromones extracted from the cuticular abdominal glands of female American cockroach contained nearly more than twenty compounds, of which around seven compounds were found to be abundant in the extract. The fraction identified at 19th minute was observed to be 100% abundance. This part of analysis revealed that the cuticular abdominal gland of American cockroach contained 2-Butanone as pheromone source. Further many more peaks were noted in the spectrum that suggested that the pheromone compound is not a single compound rather mixture of compounds or associated with their intermediate metabolites with the functional groups like aldehydes, alcohols and acids of both alkenes and alkanes. The MS data clearly spell out that the sex pheromones of cuticular origin in American cockroach is a blend of both aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Mostly the chemical nature of the sex pheromone was reported as aromatic compound with several atoms are protruded on the outer surface of the molecule. These atoms were suspected to have affinity towards the transmembrane protein of the male antennae and their sensory cells.

Keywords: Periplaneta americana, Sex pheromone, GC MS analysis, Pest management.

ABSTRACT

Oats (Avena sativa) is the most important rabbi fodder crop and in Kashmir, it is grown as a winter fodder crop in vacated paddy fields and young orchards. Survey of major oat growing areas viz., Ganderbal, Srinagar and Anantnag of Kashmir in spring 2012 and 2013 revealed the leaf blight incidence and severity ranging from 19.0, 12.2 and 35.5% respectively. The severity was measured as per the scale of Mayee and Datar (1986) at panicle initiation to grain maturity stages of growth. The blighted lesions on examination yielded the constant association of Helminthosporium avenae which was isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and produced fluffy arial brownish mycelial growth. The anomorph was encountered in all assays. The conidiospores, arising singly 2-4 groups, were straight or flexuous, frequently geniculate, dark and septate, measured 110-126μm × 8-12μm. The conidia were sub-hyaline or pale yellow, 1-6 septate (average four ) and 30-82μm (average 56 μm) × 08-12 μm (average 10.4 μm) in dimension cylindrical with round apex bearing inconspicuous scar similar to that described by Ellis (1971). The perfect stage has not been found yet in Kashmir.

Keywords: Helminthosporium avenae, Avena sativa, Kashmir, In-Vitro.

ABSTRACT

A simple, specific, accurate and precise reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Lornoxicam and Thiocolchicoside in tablets by reverse phase C8 column (X terra, 4.6 x 250mm, 5m, Make: ACE) or equivalent. The sample was analyzed using Buffer (Weighed 2.5milligrams of Sodium di hydrogen ortho phosphate in 1000 ml HPLC water, adjust pH 4.0 with sodium hydroxide) Acetonitrile in the form of 70% and 30% as a mobile phase at a flow rate: 1.0 mL per min and detection at 230 nm. The retention time for Simvastatin and Ezetimbe was found to be 4.65and 6.80 min respectively. The limit of detection is 0.37 μg/ml and the limit of quantitation is 0.12 μg/ml. Linearity for Lornoxicam and Thiocholchicoside were found in the range of 1-50 μg/ml for SIM &5 - 25 μg/ml for EZE. The Accuracy % recoveries are between 98.0 % to 102.0% .The present method is successfully applied for the estimation of Lornoxicam market formulation-Tablet.

Keywords: Simvastatin, Ezetimbe, Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid chromatography.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research was to synthesis Lansoprazole impurities N-Oxide Lanso Chloro, N-Oxide Lansoprazole Sulphide, N-oxide Lansoprazole by very conventional method. The proposed novel synthesis process for Lansoprazole impurities is well established in the Laboratory to achieve the expected yield and quality of the product the process was observed to be short, simple. The synthesized impurity is confirmed by characterization and structural elucidation techniques. Synthesized impurity can be used as impurity standard, which can be further studied in various aspects. Keywords: Lansoprazole, Impurity, Synthesis.

ABSTRACT

A series of heterocyclic compounds of trans- 3-(2-furyl acroline) derivatives were prepared and screened for their antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas (sp-local strain), Escherichia coli, as Gram negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus, Treptococcus pneumonia and Klebsila pneumonia, as Gram-positive bacteria(the strains isolated from the children hospital in Damascus).These compounds were identified by their melting points, Infrared, Ultraviolate, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and CHN analysis.

Keywords: Knoevenagel condensation, Trans 3-(2-furyl acroline), Antimicrobial activity.

ABSTRACT

Recently in this laboratory a novel series 2-phenyl-3,5-dithio-7-substitutedimino-6-[2,4-dichloro-1,3,5-triaz-6-yl]-1,2,4,6-thiatriazepines (IIIa-e) were successfully synthesized by the interactions of 2,4-dichloro-6-[2,4-dithio-5-phenyl-biureto]-1,3,5-triazines (I) with substituted isothiocarbomoyl chloride (IIa-e) in 1:1 molar ratio in acetone-ethanol medium. A new route was developed for the synthesis of thiatriazepines to increase the yield of product by maintaining the purity of the product, at the same time it was also thought to decrease the time span of the reaction. The achievement of this research work that we developed a new route for the synthesis of substituted-1,2,4,6-thiatriazepines by maintaining the purity as well as their is increases in the yield of the product. During synthesis two parameters of Green Chemistry are maintained hence, this is eco-friendly reaction. The justification and identification of the structure of these newly synthesized compounds had been established on the basis of chemical characterization, elemental analysis and through spectral data.

Keywords: Eco-friendly synthesis, 1,2,4,6-Thiatriazepines, 1,3,5-Triazines, Biurete, Acetone-ethanol.

ABSTRACT

The construction and performance characteristics of clomipramine hydrochloride selective electrodes were developed.  Three types of electrodes: plastic membrane I, coated wire II, and coated graphite III were constructed based on the incorporation of clomipramine hydrochloride with ammonium reineckate. The influence of membrane composition, kind of plasticizer, pH of the test solution, soaking time, and foreign ions on the electrodes was investigated. The electrodes showed Nernstain responses with mean calibration graph slopes of 58.90±0.2, 59.33±0.1 and 56.07±0.1 mV decade^-1 at 25^∘C for electrodes I, II and III, respectively over clomipramine concentration ranges from 1.0𝗑10^-2-5.0 𝗑10^-6, 1.0𝗑10^-2-1.0𝗑10^-6 and 1.0𝗑10^-2-1.0 𝗑10^-5 mol L^-1 with detection limits 1.9𝗑10^-6, 4.8𝗑10^-7 and 5.0𝗑10^-6 mol L^-1 for electrodes I, II and III, respectively. The constructed electrodes gave average selective precise and sensitivity within the pH range 4-8. Interferences from common cations, alkaloids, sugars, amino acids and drug excipients were reported. The proposed electrodes were also successfully applied to the determination of the drug in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids.

Keywords: Plastic membrane; Coated wire electrode; Coated graphite rod; Ion selective electrode; Clomipramine hydrochlorides; Potentiometric determination.